5g sa sharetechnote Fortunately, I got a chance to try with Matlab 5G library. It can indicate whether the key is part of a native security context (associated with KSI_AMF) or a Handover is an essential feature/procedure in 5G (and earlier cellular systems). 5G/NR System Architecture. NR RLC is almost same as LTE RLC. Since I wouldn't see any NR test equipment and UE in near future, I wouldn't be able to 5G NR specifies two base graphs for LDPC encoding, known as Base Graph 1 and Base Graph 2. < Case 2 >: Only Long DRX Cycle is configured and a PDCCH is received during a cycle (You will notice the real 'ON time' May get extended depending on DRX Inactivity Pre 5G Chronicles; What has been done/talked before the realization of 5G ? Time Table/Milestones; 4G to 5G Evolution; 4G vs 5G; Post-deployment Evolution (Cell Coverage, Test Report) Post-deployment Challenges; 5G Definitions; 5G Indication : upperLayerIndication; 5GMM; 5GSM; 5QI; 5G Release 16 Highlights; 5G Release 17 Highlights; 5G Release SSB Frequency Location in SA PointA is defined in 38. I think this is equivalent to SPS in LTE. Based on 23. Role played by the 5G gNodeB as the secondary node in a 4G LTE network. Purpose (Function) of RRC Reconfiguration . So if you are familiar with LTE RACH procedure, it will be a great Plus. Waveform . Setting appropriate power classes is an important part of configuring both user 5G/NR - SRB SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer) As it says, SRB stands for Signaling Radio Bearer. In this page, I would try to give you only the big picture of the whole This site is for everything on 5G/NR. 5G/NR - Search Space Search Space. e, DCI). 5 GHz LTE & 5G | Speed With Sneed In 5G New Radio (NR), maximum output power levels are categorized into different power classes to support various use cases and device types. 523-1(UE conformance specification; Part 1: Protocol) are 5G CSI Report in Detail. Each PDU Session is associated with a specific DNN. Codebook Based Multi-User MIMO for 5G. But regardless of 4G or 5G, general idea and overall structure of power control formual are similar. It may sound similar to SUL, but I think the motivation for SDL is a little bit different from SUL. sharetechnote. Basic handovers for NSA and SA are supported in Release 15 including inter-gNB-DU (EN-DC), inter-gNB-DU (NR-DC), intra-gNB-DU 5G can handle large tasks that use a lot of data, while 4G remains useful for simple browsing, voice calls, and IoT devices in areas without 5G coverage. 5G/NR - IAB (SA-mode with NGC) > Following diagrams from 3GPP spec would give you more detailed picture on the protocol stack for IAB backhaul link. RNTI stands for Radio Network Temporary Identifier. 5G/NR UE IDs. i) Is the cell transmitting power strong enough to be recognized/detected by the UE ? However, in 5G/NR we are talking about OTA with almost every test, even with protocol test. We are already seeing some of the features regarded as very In 5G New Radio (NR), maximum output power levels are categorized into different power classes to support various use cases and device types. Reference : YouTube [1] 5G Course - 5G Beam Sweeping and SSB transmission [2] 5G 5G - RSRP NR-RSRP. We can split this into two parts : Downlink synchronization and Uplink synchronization. Each entry in the codebook corresponds to a transport block (TB) or PDSCH transmission, with feedback directly linked to specific downlink In this state, 5GS services are disabled in the UE. If UE needs to search SSB based on ARFCN raster, it would take too long time since ARFCN raster is very narrow. In most case, the resource allocation and the data path is Qos in 5G (Quality of service in 5G) - Part 1 (YouTube) Qos in 5G (Quality of service in 5G) - Part 2 (YouTube) QoS (Quality of Service) in 5G (YouTube) SERVICE DATA ADAPTATION PROTOCOL (SDAP) (YouTube) 3GPP The most important signal that UE has to detect before trying connection in NR SA are MIB and SIB1. The 5G layer-3 is RRC layer as shown in 5G protocol stack. 5G/NR - SR SR (Scheduling Request) Basic funcationality and mechanism for NR SR is almost same as LTE SR. One Yes, 5G networks can support voice calls through two different technology known as EPS Fallback(EPSFB) or Voice over New Radio (VoNR). So it would be good to define a SSB searching frequency in wider steps. 5G NR Carrier Aggregation FR1 Bands CA FR1 CA FR2 CA FR1-FR2 EN-DC NR-DC NE-DC C-Band. 1-1: Example of Supplementary Uplink > The basic idea behind this is as follows. NOTE: Most of the contents of this page would not be so helpful or relavent anymore as of now (Dec 2020), but I would keep this because you may get some idea on what kind of discussions and/or activities are going on before we realize a new technology. 5ms) and high reliability (99. 6 Ghz) and CBRS at least at early phase of deployment. At high level, the concept of CSI Report (Channel State Information) in NR is similar to CSI Report in LTE, but the details especially on the resource application of various reference signal and scheduing of the report is extremely complex than LTE. In case of NSA, SSB subcarrierSpacing tend to be explicitely specified by RRC(i. UE role in 5G Non-standalone access flow. I still keep this to show aspects of These IEs let the 5G Core know who the UE is (via 5GS Mobile Identity), what security context it has (ngKSI, UE Security Capability), and which network features/slices it wants (Requested NSSAI, LADN, etc. 5G Timing Resilliency System . 999%). A type of RACH unique to 5G : 2 step RACH which is mainly for simplification of protocol and energy consumption; Possible Subcarrier Spacing of RACH Preamble : 1. When you get the RSRP value from measurement report (e. For the BSR functionality, refer to LTE BSR page. Even if the final goal of 5G/NR deployment would be to deploy 5G/NR in both RAN(Radio Access Network) This site is for everything on 5G/NR. 212 - Table 7. 501 - 5G;System architecture for the 5G System (5GS) => Section 5. Point A serves as a common reference point for resource block grids and is obtained from: 5G/NR - HARQ HARQ . 5G/NR - Max Throughput Estimation Max Throughput Esimation . 300. 501-6. The basic idea on RSRP/RSRQ in NR is also similar to LTE RSRP / RSRQ. Basic concept of HARQ in NR is similar to LTE HARQ, but there is some mintor differences in terms of the details. 5G RRC INACTIVE (Update, Sep 8 2022) 6G Antenna/Beam Forming (Update, Sep 7 2022) 6G KPI (Update, Sep 6 2022) 6G Electronics (Update, Sep 6 2022) 6G Channel Characterization (Update, Sep 6 2022) LTE CBRS (Update, Sep 6 2022) Recommended : 5G/NR SA CORESET0 and SIB1 Decoding: 5G/ NR The UE-Initiated PDU Session Establishment process in the 5G Core (5GC) network is a fundamental procedure that allows a User Equipment (UE) to establish a Packet Data Unit (PDU) session with the network. Some of the major topics in release 17 can Definition of BWP. 3 defined 5G/NR as follows. The dfference is the structure of MAC CE and the length of Buffer Size Bit field. YouTube 5G Numerology (Update, Sep 9 2022) : Updated as per Release 17. Qos in 5G (Quality of service in 5G) - Part 1 (YouTube) Qos in 5G (Quality of service in 5G) - Part 2 (YouTube) QoS (Quality of Service) in 5G (YouTube) SERVICE DATA ADAPTATION PROTOCOL (SDAP) (YouTube) 3GPP 38. If you take packet capture (e. According to 38. That's is, NW should know whether the UE support NR capability and UE should know whether the NW support NR capability. Donwlink Synchronization : This site is for everything on 5G/NR. It is a detailed explanation of how the allocation Subcarrier Spacing: In 5G NR, the subcarrier spacing can vary from 15 kHz to 960 kHz as of release 17. 5G/NR - UE Capability -GapFR2-Pattern-r17 Indicates FR2 UL gap pattern(s) supported by the UE for NR SA, for NR-DC without FR2-FR2 band combination, for NE-DC, and for (NG)EN-DC, if UE supports a band in FR2. These predefined process and parameters are summarized as This site is for everything on 4G/LTE 5G would be realized in the similar fashion even though many of 5G document say '5G should take drastically different evolution path from the one we saw before'. This message carries the ngKSI and 5G/NR - MAC CE MAC CE - Buffer Status Report MAC CEs . As shown in the following diagram, NRF has connected to all the 5G Core components in HPLMN and get connected to another NRF in This site is for everything on 5G/NR. 32. Ideally I think I can summarize the equation for Tx Power (UE Tx Power) of any uplink channel can be summarized as 5G Numerology (Update, Sep 9 2022) : Updated as per Release 17. 5G Numerology (Update, Sep 9 2022) : Updated as per Release 17. "Feasibility study on existing spectrum sharing frameworks for temporary 5G DNNMF (5G Dynamic Network Node Management Function): Potentially a custom or proprietary function interacting with UDM for dynamic network management and configuration. But in SA, UE need to blindly detect SSB since UE need to detect this before it gets any RRC (MIB, SIB). However, the rough estimation for a 5G/NR - SDL SDL. This includes the introduction and mainstreaming of 5G Standalone (SA) architectures, the introduction of advanced 5G features, and the eventual evolution toward 6G. The minimum requirement for UE to camp on a cell is to decode MIB and SIB1; MIB is carried by the physical channel PBCH. e. 1 Beam Management. NOTE: I've calculated P/20 to clarify the statement in the specification saying 'The first symbol every periods is a first symbol in an even frame. The larger subcarrier spacings allow for lower latency and support higher-frequency bands, while smaller spacings are suitable for Applying this terms to synchronization process, we have two types of synchronization in cellular communication including 5G/NR called 'Downlink Synchronization' and 'Uplink Synchronization'. So it was so difficult for me to get any intuitive understandings on these parameters and algorithm. 212 - Table This site is for everything on 5G/NR. N1 mode It is likely to be assumed that NR cell work in SA(Standalone) mode in this scenario. 1-1: The integration This site is for everything on 5G/NR. This is exactly same concept as LTE RNTI. The size (bit length) of the DCI is not fixed and is 5G/NR - Access Control UAC(Unified Access Control) UAC is a set of mechanism (algorithm) to determine whether to allow the UE for a specific services or state changes. 5G Mobile mmWave Technology Evolution AT&T 5G+ 1GIG Millimeter Wave inside Walmart (Oct 2020) iPhone 12 on Telstra 5G - Web browsing & YouTube (end-user experience) (Nov 2020) ATT 5G MMWAVE speed test 2020 iPhone 12 5G San Antonio (Nov 2020) T-Mobile 2. How many HARQ processor ? Example. 5G AV Generation: AUSF molds the 5G AV from the 5G HE AV by calculating HXRES* from XRES* and KSEAF from KAUSF, then replacing specific values in the 5G HE AV. 5G/NR - SS Block SS Block(SSB) in a Nutshell . CSI Framework is one of the most complicated structure and process in NR. Overall Handover mechanism is same in 3G/4G/5G, but the detailed parameters and mechanism varies a little bit depending on Radio Technology. UAC is a pretty complicated algorithm that get many factors involved at each point of decision making process. EAP message : 24. Type-1 HARQ-ACK Codebook: This type is used for simple cases where feedback is tied to a single or small number of slots. If you are new to overall functionality of PDCP, I would suggest you to go through LTE PDCP page first. (a),(b),(c),(d) is the initial setup of SCTP which is explained in this note, the procedure (1)~(13) is the procedure that will be described in this note. When I started writing the pages about 5G in around mid 2013, I thought we will have a completely new (at least in Radio Access Protocol perspectivie) and I said to myself "After spending a couple of years in LTE and with a lot of struggle, finally just started to get used to this technology. Just take a brief look at the various figures / diagrams shown in this page would be enough. Roughly speaking, Release 17 is mostly for further enhancing the features introduced in Release 16. 3. In this page, I will describe on NR MAC and try to explain in the comparison to LTE MAC whenever it is possible. (SA) option. It contains different configurations like CORESET/Searchspace, PUCCH allocations, PDSCH DSS offers operators an upgrade path from 5G NSA to 5G SA. 5G/NR - Carrier Aggregation Example 02 > NR SA 2CC CA : n78 (20Mhz) + n78(20 Mhz) with Measurement Report . RRC stands for Radio Resource Control. 321, 38. NOTE: There are much more information you need to know about the numerology in addition to this table. If you just take a look at the picture, you would think it is almost identical to LTE resource grid. I personally define RRC as a common language that should be understood by both Network and UE. Eeva Lhetkangas (1), Kari Pajukoski (1), Jaakko Vihril (1), 5G/NR - Acronyms There are so many Acronyms in 3GPP (probably in all other technologies) and these acronyms are defined in many different documents. com As in LTE, RRC Reconfiguration is the most important steps in establishing Radio Connection between UE and Network. 5GSM(5G Session Management) Very simply put, 5GSM is a layer in core network that handles all the procedures for PDN. 322) is released in v1. If you are familiar with LTE SR, it would not be difficult to understand SR in NR and easier to understand NR SR by comparision with LTE SR. . So I would suggest you to read LTE RNTI part first and get the general understandings on how this works. By implementing robust security frameworks and privacy-preserving techniques, 5G CSI Report in Detail. Hence a This site is for everything on 5G/NR. UDM Unified Data Management ==> Equivalent to HSS in 4G. 5G/NR - UE Capability -GapFR2-Pattern-r17 Indicates FR2 UL gap pattern(s) supported by the UE for NR SA, for NR-DC without FR2-FR2 band combination, for NE-DC, and for (NG)EN-DC, if UE You might have similar experience in studying LTE power control specification, but 5G got even worse :) meaning more complicated. ). 2 as follows. NAS Message Container. 300-Figure B. Table 1 This site is for everything on 5G/NR. 840 - Study on User Equipment (UE) power saving in NR [4] Study on User Equipment (UE) power saving in NR (Release 16) YouTube. N1 mode allows full 5G capabilities. A PDU Session is essentially the logical channel through which data packets are transmitted from the UE to the DN, facilitating internet access, voice over new radio (VoNR), and other data 5G Stand-alone offers better UL Coverage and performance compared with 5G NSA. Smart Energy and Infrastructure . The selection of a base graph depends on the size of the transport block being transmitted over the PDSCH. 5G NR: The New Radio interface for 5G Ericsson Mobility Report : 5G Insights by 2023 . It is a type of InterRAT handover since the cell change happens between two different RAT(Radio Access Technology). layer 1,layer 2 and layer 3. This process is essential for the UE to gain access to data services in the 5G network. 5G/NR - Split Bearer Split Bearer. 5G Mobile mmWave Technology Evolution This site is for everything on 5G/NR. The 5G core network manages the resources used by the PDU session to ensure that the network is used efficiently and that the UE receives the appropriate QoS. maxNrofServingCells-1 INTEGER ::= 31 The 5G Evolution:3GPP Releases 16-17 (5G Americas) [2] RP-200494 - UE Power Saving in NR (Work Item Description) [3] TR 38. In more familiar terms, this Initial Access is refered to be 'RACH process'. Vehicle-Mounted Relays . 5G/NR - Release 17 NR Release 17 Highlights. SEAF SEcurity Anchor Function ==> part of AMF function. Overall Architecture of NR RAN (Radio Access Network) would not look much different from LTE RAN Architecture. g, higher than 5 Ghz) since most of LTE frequency specified in 3GPP is below 3 Ghz. Configured Scheduling is a mechanism in which gNB can schedule PDSCH/PUSCH without using DCI for every transmission. But the physical dimmension (i. The Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) is a unique identifier used in cellular networks, including 5G. RP-182635 : 3GPP TSG-RAN #82 Spectrum sharing and corresponding UE capabilities . Jul. 840 - Study on User Equipment (UE) power saving in NR. However, the rough estimation for a The main target for 5G Private Network spectrum is likely to be ISM (mainly for 5. The SA architecture can be seen as the "full 5G deployment", not needing any part of a 4G network to operate. KSEAF Removal: AUSF extracts the KSEAF and dispatches the 5G SE AV to the SEAF. You may take this as an indicator whether UE support SA or not. How gNB can schedule those physical channels without using DCI ? This site is for everything on 5G/NR. MAC CE - C RNTI . 11. e, subcarrier spacing, This site is for everything on 5G/NR. Throughput estimation is not easy and not as simple as can be calculated by a simple equation. Final goal is to converge the core part of existing non-3gpp technology (e. g, WiFi or IPTV etc) to UPF / DN and in some cases use 5G AMF as well for 5g nr的獨立組網（sa）模式是指將5g基站同時用於信令和資料傳輸。 [8] 它使用新的5g封包交換核心網架構，而不使用4g核心網（epc）。 [12] [13] sa的5g網路部署可以完全不依賴4g網路。 [14] 它被預期有更低的成本、更高的效率，並有助於開發新的使用場景。 [10] [15] 5G/NR - MAC CE Timing Advance. One is RRCSetup and the other one is RRCReconfiguration in case of SA or RRCConnectionReconfiguration in case of NSA. The activities after 5G deployment is not captured in this table since you only need to follow the 3GPP document 5G/NR - Whitepater/Presensation (Before 5G specification finalized) NOTE : These are the list / Presentations collected before 5G specification is finalized. e, RRC or/and NAS message). This example is from the log captured by Amarisoft Callbox(gNB) and UE Simulator. It contains different configurations like CORESET/Searchspace, PUCCH allocations, PDSCH 5G devices primarily support N1 mode for optimal performance, but they also support Non-standalone mode (with LTE anchor) for compatibility. The UE is not reachable for mobile-terminated services. 5G/NR - 2Step RACH 2 Step RACH. VoNR is only feasible in NR deployments equipped with 5GC and gNB. The NR base stations (logical node "gNB") connect with each other via the Xn interface, and the Access Network (called the "NG-RAN for SA architecture") connects to the 5GC network using the NG interface. SDL stands for Supplimentary Downlink. Intra band : CA bandwidth class; Contiguous; Non contiguous; Mixed; Inter band : 2 bands; 3 bands; 4 bands; 5 bands; 6 bands; SUL; Non Contiguous; Contiguous; Inter It is likely to be assumed that NR cell work in SA(Standalone) mode in this scenario. Downlink sync comes 5G FR(Frequency Range) / Operating Bandwidth in Detail. in 5G NSA dual connectivity; the UE utilizes one TX branch for each leg, one TX branch for 4G, and one TX branch for The 5G New Radio (NR) Standalone (SA) call flow involves several steps and procedures to establish a connection between the user equipment (UE) and the 5G core network. As you know, UE and Network is communicating via radio channel. Ideally I think I can summarize the equation for Tx Power (UE Tx Power) of any uplink channel can be summarized as As 5G gains momentum, the networks will transition to an end-to-end 5G solution with UEs registering with the 5G Core Network. EPS Fallback Procedure EPS Fallback chooses to switch or redirect to EPS based on the presence or absence of the N26 interface Steps: 1. These predefined process and parameters are summarized as 5G/NR NR Indication : upperLayerIndication. OSI (Other SI) Scheduling. nonCriticalExtension: Optional extensions for non-critical updates. Even if the final goal of 5G/NR deployment would be to deploy 5G/NR in both RAN(Radio Access Network) LTE to NR Handover . If This site is for everything on 5G/NR. g, Wireshark capture) over the interface, you would get the packet structure as below. Since I wouldn't see any NR test equipment and UE in near future, I wouldn't be The 5G Evolution:3GPP Releases 16-17 (5G Americas) RP-200494 - UE Power Saving in NR (Work Item Description) TR 38. So if you are already faimiliar with LTE RLC, you wouldn't need much of extra study to understand NR RLC. < 38. At high level, the concept of CSI Report (Channel State Information) in NR is similar to CSI Report in LTE, but the details especially on the resource application of various reference signal and scheduing of the report is 5g nr的独立组网（sa）模式是指将5g基站同时用于信令和数据传输。 [8] 它使用新的5g分组交换核心网架构，而不使用4g核心网（epc）。 [12] [13] sa的5g网络部署可以完全不依赖4g网络。 [14] 它被预期有更低的成本、更高的效率，并有助于开发新的使用场景。 [10] [15] NGAP Packet Structure. Latest Update : 6G Antenna/Beam Forming (Update, Sep 7 2022). lateNonCriticalExtension: Reserved for future use to ensure backward compatibility. In case of NSA, SSB subcarrierSpacing tend to be This site is for everything on 5G/NR. 5G/NR - Network Slicing Network Slicing. RRC Constrains in ASN //Max number of serving cells (SpCell + SCells) per cell group minus 1. Refer to Numerology page for further details. The architecture evolution is guided by a vision that emphasizes spectrum aggregation, radio-access network architectural advancements, and an evolved core network that builds upon This site is for everything on 5G/NR. 4. In this page, I will describe on high level view on CSI report mechanism and I would need to create many This site is for everything on 5G/NR. The 5G core network uses the requested DNN to determine the appropriate Session Management Function (SMF) and User Plane Function (UPF) to route user traffic to the intended network. PUCCH is an uplink physical channel that carries UCI (Uplink Control Information). "5G/NR - DSS. However, there are some differences as well between LTE and NR in terms of power definition and measurement as below. 5G Networks Providing Access to Localized Services . In 5G network, one gNB can be connected to multiple AMF as illustrated below for an example, how the gNB select which AMF to communicate with for each transaction ? Initial 5G deployments are using S1 mode for faster rollout leveraging existing 4G infrastructure. In 5G network, one gNB can be connected to multiple AMF as illustrated below for an example, how the gNB This site is for everything on 5G/NR. 331 4. The resource allocation area is defined by two parameters RB_Start and Number of Consecutive RBs within a specific BWP(BandWidth Part). 5G/NR - RRC Overview RRC State Overview. Followings are the examples in graphics that I created using Matlab 5G library. The concept and functionality of NR Timing Advance is same as the LTE Timing Advance. To be honest, the number of steps would look differently depending on how to split the whole procedure into smaller steps. 300 - NR and NG-RAN Overall description; Stage-2 => Chapter 12; 3GPP 23. g Cloud-native: The 5G core network architecture is designed to be cloud-native, with network functions deployed as software containers that can run on public, private, or hybrid cloud environments. Overall 5G Idle Mode Procedure Cell Selection. If the transport block size is larger than a certain The N26 interface is an inter-Core Network interface between the 4G LTE's MME and the 5G core's 5GS AMF. When a mobile moves from one cell to another in connected mode, it's handover that allows the mobile to stay connected. Some of the major topics in release 17 can URLLC is a key feature introduced in 5G to support mission-critical applications such as autonomous vehicles, remote surgery, industrial automation, and augmented reality, which demand extremely low latency (as low as 0. ARQ stands for Automatic Repeat Request and you would have heard this a lot if you had experience of studying IP communication This page covers 5G Protocol Stack i. This site is for everything on 5G/NR. This delineation helps consumers and businesses choose the appropriate technology for their needs. 5, A carrier bandwidth part is defined as follows : Carrier Bandwidth Part is a contiguous set of physical resource blocks,selected from a contiguous subset of the common resource blocks for a given numerology(u) on a given carrier. LTE to NR handover is a process in which UE switches the cell from LTE to NR cell in connected mode. 5G/NR - RNTI RNTI. Message: Registration request. UPF User Plane Function ==> Equivalent to PGW in 4G. According to 24. i) Usually cell coverage in UL direction is lower than DL direction because UE Tx Power(UL Power) is not as In 5G NR, PUCCH are placed in almost anywhere in a slot and usually takes up only a few symbols of a slot. 3GPP allows or provide mechanisms to transmit/recieve user data in these special purpose slots from the beginning (i. e, ssbSubcarrierSpacing) but in SA case I think UE need to figure out from the ng-5G-S-TMSI: The 5G-specific temporary mobile subscriber identity. These predefined process and parameters are summarized as Allocation Type 1. Following illustration is the 5G/NR channel mapping from MAC layer through PHY layer based on 38. This message carries the ngKSI and This site is for everything on 5G/NR. As you see here, this can be triggered by LTE (in NSA(Non-Standalone) deployment) or by NR (in SA(Standalone) deployment). Apr. Overall concept similar to LTE Access Yes, 5G networks can support SMS through two main methods: SMS over NAS (Non-Access Stratum) and SMS over IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem). 2024. e, SN (Secondary Node)) to LTE (MN (Master Node)). 4 Proposed Solution for New Radio Access. In this page, I will try to explain NR HARQ in comparison to LTE HARQ. 3GPP TR 38. In short, you can think of RNTI is the CRC mask that is required to decode DCI message. 321 and 38. Phoenix, AZ, USA, September 17 18, 2015 [2] METIS Deliverable D. Medium blog posts. I thought I need to write a page which can consolidate the three separate notes and this page is the one. 3GPP - RAN1#85 Meetting (See TDocs )- Continuing discussion and narrowing down some 5G Radio Parameter. 3GPP - RAN1#84bis Meetting (See TDocs ) - Mostly discussion/proposals for 5G Radio. CORESET 0 is a special type of CORESET which carries PDCCH/DCI for SIB1; It plays a critical role in the process of cell detection in NR SA; The This site is for everything on 5G/NR. 321 (MAC Specification) is almost completed and of course it is evolving continuously evolving. The first step in 5G Standalone (SA) call processing is to synchronize the UE (User Equipment) with the gNB (gNodeB). NR PDCP is almost same as LTE PDCP. Followings are short descriptions on each type of the codebook. There is a well known mechanism for NW to figure out whether the UE is capable of NR or not. The resource grid for NR is defined as follows. The basic definiton of NR RSRP is same as LTE RSRP. As the term implies 2 Step RACH indicates a type of RACH procedure that are complete in 2 steps. 12 NR SA FR1-FR1 event triggered reporting tests without SSB time index detection in DRX for UE configured with highSpeedMeasInterFreq-r17; The NOTE 7: For Mission Critical services, it may be assumed that the UPF terminating N6 is located "close" to the 5G_AN (roughly 10 ms) and is not normally used in a long distance, home routed roaming situation. 7 Two 3GPP releases to be planned forinitial 6G development (as in 5G times) Stage1 aim to start (mid) 2024 with studies on potential UC & requirements for 6G; Stage2 6G studies to be planned starting mid 2025 (delayed compared to other Rel-20 SIDs) Plan for a TSG SA & RAN 6G workshop for mid 2025; 6Gnormative Work Items aspartofRel-21 (First 6G 5G/NR - UCI UCI. The functionality of BSR in NR is exactly sa the LTE BSR. NAS message container: Protocol discriminator = 0x7e (5GS Mobility Management) Security header = 0x0 (Plain 5GS NAS message) Message type = 0x4c (Service Request) This field can encapsulate additional NAS messages or related information. At high level view, NR Search The below figure from (Samsung Whitepaper, 5G_SA_Architecture) shows a comprehensive voice service solution for a seamless continuity within a mobile communication network. It contains different configurations like CORESET/Searchspace, PUCCH allocations, PDSCH Following is the signaling procedure of NR SA attach. It facilitates interworking between 4G's EPC and 5G's NG core, especially for mobility between LTE-EPC and 5G-NR-5GS. SUL stands for Supplimentary Uplink. As mentioned in deployment Scenario page, NR can be deployed in many different forms. The SA mode means that the 5G network operates independently of the 4G LTE network, meaning there's no need for an LTE anchor in the core network. Many IEs (like S1 UE As you see here, this can be triggered by LTE (in NSA(Non-Standalone) deployment) or by NR (in SA(Standalone) deployment). Simply put, it works as a central registration center (registra) for all the Core Network Components. 211, 38. 211 4. This is a list of important milestones that I have traced before 5G realization. '. (NOTE : There was no corresponding states in LTE, but Rrc Inactive status is added to This site is for everything on 5G/NR. To support this interworking between 5G RAN and 4G Core, the NG interface between gNodeB and MME is referred to as N26. e, SIBs other than SIB1). What is it for ? Carries specific signals for establishing Dowlink Synchronization FR2. NOTE: Since about a year ago (2019), there has been discussions about 6G. Subcarrier Spacing: In 5G NR, the subcarrier spacing can vary from 15 kHz to 960 kHz as of release 17. 5G/NR - Resource Grid Resource Grid . 2 Signalling radio bearers, there are four different types of SRB in NR defined as follows. 5 GHz & mmWave | Sneed finds N41 & N261 in the Cle! (Nov 2020) T-Mobile 600 MHz LTE & 5G, 2. Beam Management in Millimeter-Wave Communications for 5G and Beyond. This type of deployment is called NSA (Non-StandAlone 5G/NR - RLC RLC. Overall channel coding and physical layer process is also similar to LTE PDCCH as listed This site is for everything on 5G/NR. But there are some differences and improvement in 5G in terms of security protection mechanism. " ShareTechnote. May. The UE is not registered to any 5G network, and no context is stored in the network for the UE. PMI Format in Type II Codebook. 12 NR SA FR1-FR1 event triggered reporting tests without SSB time index detection in DRX for UE configured with highSpeedMeasInterFreq-r17; The When a UE attaches to the 5G network, it may request one or more data network connections (PDU Sessions). Security. 38. If you are new to RACH process, I would strongly recommend you to go through LTE AUTN (5G authentication challenge) : 24. Jul This site is for everything on 5G/NR. RWS-150009 3GPP . If you are familiar with LTE MAC, this comparison would help you a lot to understand NR MaC. 25, 5, 15, 39, 60, 120 Khz; RACH Sequence Example 03 > SA - CBRA(Contention Based RACH) 2 Step RACH; Overall Procedure. 300 - 5. 5G/NR - Initial Access/RACH Initial Access means a sequence of process between UE and gNB(Network) in order for UE to aquire Uplink Synchronization and obtain specified ID for the radio access communication. 5G/NR CSI Framework . Low Power High Accuracy Positioning for Industrial IoT scenarios 5G/NR - Channel Mapping Channel Mapping . In LTE, it was difficult to use the unlicensed spectrum with higher frequency (e. i) Is the cell transmitting power strong enough to be recognized/detected by the UE As 5G/NR implementation and deployment gets more mature, you would see more and more of those cases where even these special purpose slots are utilized for transmitting or receiving user data. If you are already familiar with the concept of Carrier aggregation from LTE, the only thing I want you to refresh your memory is following sequence. 12. Therefore, an operator needs to utilize VoLTE service and maintain EPC for continuous voice service until 5G Voice Solution: There are two solutions of 5G Voice Evolution: EPS Fallback and 5G Voice over New Radio (VoNR). If you are new to RACH process, I would strongly recommend you to go through LTE Qualcomm showed their 5G Demo at Indusrty Analyst Day (28 Ghz, 32 Tx, 128 Tx Antenna, 400 Mbps) 2016. 5G/NR - Power Definition / Measurement Power Definition / Measurement. SA < SIB 1 > { message c1: systemInformationBlockType1 Followings are the highlits of Type II codebook. In some cases UE would be surrounded not by the multiple basestation from one network operator but by the multiple basestation from different network operators. 2-4 and antenna_ports indicates the index in 38. OFDM Symbol Duration. UE Role. 501 - 6 Elementary procedures for 5GS session 5G RACH process is almost identical to LTE RACH process as illustrated below. 5G/NR - Measurement Report 6. 4G vs 5G . So if you are already familiar with LTE HARQ, it will be a great help to understand NR HARQ. A big difference between DCI and UCI is that UCI can be carried either by PUCCH or PUSCH depending on situation whereas DCI can be carried only by PDCCH (not by 5G/NR RRC INACTIVE . 5G RRC INACTIVE (Update, Sep 8 2022) 6G Antenna/Beam Forming (Update, Sep 7 2022) 6G KPI (Update, Sep 6 2022) 6G Electronics (Update, Sep 6 2022) 6G Channel Characterization (Update, Sep 6 2022) LTE CBRS (Update, Sep 6 2022) Recommended : 5G/NR SA CORESET0 and SIB1 Decoding: 5G/ NR This site is for everything on 5G/NR. 5. spCellConfigDedicated is a dedicated configuration with specific parameters for a particular UE. AI models in 5G must be safeguarded against threats like data poisoning, model inversion attacks, and unauthorized access to sensitive information. Data between UE and Network (or another UE) go through various components on the data path. SMS over NAS is particularly useful during the initial phases of 5G deployment, where standalone 5G networks (SA) might not have full IMS support. Simply put, Timing Advance is a special command (notification) from eNB to UE that enable UE to adjust its uplink transmission as shown 5G NR specifies two base graphs for LDPC encoding, known as Base Graph 1 and Base Graph 2. 5G/NR - NR Light/RedCap NR-Light/RedCap. Followings are breakdown and description for the digram shown above. LTE eNodeB role. 401 - Figure 8. To make NR work, it should be guaranteed that both UE and NW support NR capability. The 5G non-standalone dual connectivity message and action details in PDF format. In many cases I had to search through many different documents just to find the meaning (full words) for those acronyms. , 0-2). 5G/NR Quick Reference System Architecture Flow across System. UDM Functionality. SEAF 5G/NR - Split Bearer Home : www. 5G/NR - Configured Scheduling Configured Scheduling. 5G/NR CORESET 0 and SIB1 Scheduling in a Nutshell. NOTE : As of Sep 2017, some important 3GPP TS (38. In addition, it can use different subcarrier spacing within the same channel bandwidth depending on type of channel/signal (e. Even though the detailed mechanism varies a little bit depending on each specific Cellular Technology, the basic concept and purpose is same. PDCCH Search Space refers to the area in the downlink resource grid where PDCCH may be carried. If the transport block size is larger than a certain 5G - key component of the Networked Society. They are same in 5G/NR as well. Achieving low latency and energy consumption by 5G TDD mode optimization. The leading / leftmost bit (bit 0) corresponds to the FR2 UL gap pattern 0, the next bit This site is for everything on 5G/NR. 5G/NR - MCS/TBS/Code Rate MCS / TBS / Code Rate in a Nutshell. 6. The major difference from LTE RSRP is that NR RSRP is measured from the reference signal in SSB whereas LTE RSRP is measured from CRS(Cell Reference Signal). 15. So if PUCCH-Config is configured in RRCSetup, this table is used for only a few steps before RRCSetup message. The DMRS ports change based on the value, ranging from a single port (e. NR-Light, now officially terms as Reduced Capability (RedCap) in 3GPP NR Rel 17, is designed to function as LTE M1 /LTE NB IoT. RAN Workshop on 5G . Highlevel view of the 2step RACH can be illustrated as 5G/NR - PDCP PDCP . PDU Session Establishment is a key component of 5G networks, as it enables the efficient and secure transport of data between the UE and the network; 5G AV Generation: AUSF molds the 5G AV from the 5G HE AV by calculating HXRES* from XRES* and KSEAF from KAUSF, then replacing specific values in the 5G HE AV. SEAF's Request to UE: SEAF sends RAND and AUTN values to the UE. PBCH is a part of a SSB; 5G MIB / SIB in Detail. As LTE is phased out, ShareTechnote. In other words, SRB is a type of Radio Bearer that carries signaling message (i. In this case (based on RRC configuration shown above : 2 antenna ports, codebookSubset = nonCoherent, transform precoder = disabled, ul-FullPowerTransmission = not configured), precoding_info indicates the index in 38. 1-1: The integration procedure for IAB-node in SA > Before we go into further detail, let me give you a couple of figures that would help your understanding. You see different name of each node and interface. Information Element Structure. Beam Management in 5G is a technique mainly used in millimeter-wave (mmWave) communications to optimize the alignment of highly This site is for everything on 5G/NR. Novel Wake-up Scheme for Energy-Efficient Low-Latency Mobile Devices in 5G Networks . When the resource allocation is specified in DCI, RB_Start and Number of Consecutive RBs within the BWP is combined into a specific single 5G NR Beam Managament SA, NSA | Beam Management in 5G NR . I am not the person who desgined the algorithm and I don't have my own program to implement it. The term 'Cell Selection Criterion' may be a vague expression, since there can be many different criteria from many different perspective. So I suggest you to read LTE Timing Advance as well if you are not familiar with the concept. There is a addition RRC states between RRC Connected and Idle and Network/UE can optionally stay in INACTIVE state without completely releasing the RRC when there is no traffic and quickly switch back to CONNECTED states when necessary. PHY and Protocol Frame Structure Numerology Waveform Frequency Band BWP Synchronization Beam Management CSI Framework Channel Mapping CORESET DCI SLIV UCI/PUCCH Reference Signal MAC RLC PDCP SS Block Scheduling MIB / SIB RACH RRC Overview RrcReconfiguration NSA/ENDC For lower values (0-1), only one CDM group is allocated, while from value 2 onwards, two CDM groups are assigned, increasing DMRS robustness. Each base graph has a predefined size, with Base Graph 1 being larger than Base Graph 2. Eeva Lhetkangas (1), Kari Pajukoski (1), Jaakko Vihril (1), 5G/NR NR Indication : upperLayerIndication. RSRP stands for Reference Signal Recieved Power. However getting into details, you would start seeing some differences as well. 5G FR(Frequency Range) / Operating Bandwidth in Detail. Ranging-based Service . Initial Access and 5G-TMSI: The main temporary mobile subscriber identifier part. 5G/NR (SA) mode or via LTE RRC Signaling in an NR Container in case of EN-DC (E-UTRAN New Radio - Dual Connectivity). Characteristics of 5G HARQ. Initial 5G deployments are using S1 mode for faster rollout leveraging existing 4G infrastructure. com As mentioned in deployment Scenario page, NR can be deployed in many different forms. Both processes start with an "Initial Setup" phase, where the UE establishes an initial connection with In modern LTE and 5G networks, the UE Capability Enquiry and UE Capability Information procedures play a critical role in enabling seamless communication and optimal resource allocation between the User Equipment (UE) and the In short, N1 is the Standalone mode with 5G core giving ideal performance and features, while S1 is the Non-Standalone mode reusing 4G core to simplify early 5G introductions. OSI mean Other SI (i. NOTE : For more detailed example of SRS resource element allocation, refer to this page with Matlab 5G Toolbox. 2023. 211. PCF Policy Control Function ==> Equivalent to PCRF in 5G (R)AN (Radio) Access Network. 5G/NR - AI/ML AI/ML - PHY - Beam Management. However, CORESET 0 cannot be specified by RRC since it should be used before any RRC is transmitted. Below is a high-level technical explanation of the 5G SA call flow: 1. Non-Standalone (NSA): This option leverages existing 4G LTE infrastructure along with new 5G NR (New Radio) technologies. g. Basic idea (or Use Case) on SUL is described/illustrated as shown below in 38. g, WiFi or IPTV etc) to UPF / DN and in some cases use 5G AMF as well for For 5G deployment, there are mainly three options: Non-Standalone (NSA), Standalone (SA), and Dynamic Spectrum Sharing (DSS). 2016. SMF Session Management Function. Tactile and multi-modality communication services . Power Saving Techniques for 5G and Beyond. 211 - 4. As of Mar 2028, 38. Protocol discriminator = 0x7e (5GS Mobility Management) Security header = 0x1 The 5G Standalone (SA) call flow is a complex sequence of procedures and messages exchanged between various network entities to establish a connection between a 5G user equipment (UE) and the 5G core network. While fallback to LTE provides a bridge for voice services in areas where 5G's voice capabilities are still at early stages of the deployment, VoNR represents the future of voice calling in 5G networks, offering a more integrated and Converged Network is a collective name for various technologies to utilize 5G core network for the data path (and some control plane in some cases) of non 3gpp communication as illustrated below. Example 01 > What is H-ARQ ? What is H-ARQ ? Why it uses the term "Hybrid" ? First think about the term ARQ. Following is SCTP initial setup process captured with Wireshark from Amarisoft Callbox. But this reference (5G NR Physical Layer | Chapter 12| Uplink Transmission Schemes | Codebook & Non-Codebook Based) says 'Even in non-codebook based transmission, precoding DO happens, but the precoding matrix is created by UE algorithm based on CSI-RS based channel estimation, not picking up a matrix from a predefined list of codebook'. Roughly speaking that NGAP traces are the ones handled by AMF. MCS ranges from 0 through 28; Qm can be 2, 4, 6 (64QAM) and 8 (256QAM) Three different tables are defined in 3GPP. 3GPP - RAN-SA Workshop. Enhanced Access to and Support of Network Slices . Especially at the early stage of NR deployment, it is highly likely that NR is deployed as a supplimentary note (i. The scheduling/broadcasting of OSI is specified as follows. 5G/NR - RAN Architecture RAN Architecture. LTE eNodeB role setting up 5G Non-Standalone access (EN-DC dual connectivity) 5G RACH process is almost identical to LTE RACH process as illustrated below. 5G gNodeB role. It's a quicker deployment method allowing operators to offer 5G speeds and capacity while using their existing 4G core network. SMSF SMS Function. 7, the functionality of UDM is descrbed as follows. It is understandable that the length of the BSR bit field in NR would be longer than LTE BSR. This allows network operators to take advantage of the scalability and cost-efficiency of cloud computing while maintaining control over their networks. The 5G standalone access registration signaling flow is similar to the 4G attach and default bearer establishment flow. The larger subcarrier spacings allow for lower latency and support higher-frequency bands, while smaller spacings are suitable for lower-frequency bands and increased coverage. Every parties participating in the communication should exchange a lot of information to make the real data Frequency Domain Location in Detail. Despite years of theoretical research and advancements, practical implementations of This site is for everything on 5G/NR. 5G offers several improvements over 5G/NR - RRC Reconfiguration Home : www. [Sharetechnote] Assuming this is periodic SR case, Does 5G/NR - MAC MAC . The interface ensures seamless continuity of voice services during inter-RAT handovers between LTE and 5G. In broad sense, cell selection would be influenced by following factors. Generation of 3GPP AKA Authentication Credentials. Even if the final goal of 5G/NR deployment would be to deploy 5G/NR in both RAN(Radio Access Network) and Core Network, it is Converged Network is a collective name for various technologies to utilize 5G core network for the data path (and some control plane in some cases) of non 3gpp communication as illustrated below. In this type, the resource is allocated to one or more consecutive RBs. NOTE: The 'Applicable u' is specified based on the statement in the specification saying 'A UE expects that the reference subcarrier spacing configuration ref μ is smaller than or equal to a subcarrier spacing configuration μ for any 5G Idle Mode Procedure Cell Selection Criterion . < Case 1 > : Only Long DRX Cycle is configured and No PDCCH is received during the cycle. As DCI (Downlink Control Information) is carried by PDCCH, UCI is carried by PUCCH. ngKSI : 24. e, Release 15), but in early This site is for everything on 5G/NR. WInnForum. So if you are already faimiliar with LTE, you wouldn't need much of extra study to understand NR PDCP. So you may follow-up those official documents if you are interested only in the final conclusion. 5G/NR System Architecture is almost same as LTE System Architecture. We can split this into two parts : Downlink synchronization and Uplink Pre 5G Chronicles; What has been done/talked before the realization of 5G ? Time Table/Milestones; 4G to 5G Evolution; 4G vs 5G; Post-deployment Evolution (Cell Coverage, In this page, I will only put some examples of establishing carrier aggregation in NR. 5G Security mechanism is not completely new design comparing to 4G Security mechanism. RAN / Core Network Connection. R1-1701618 : 3GPP TSG RAN WG1 Meeting#88 - Discussion on NR-LTE Co-existence . Downlink sync comes This site is for everything on 5G/NR. 802 - 6. The 5G layer-1 is PHYSICAL Layer. The UE ID in a 5G network is used to uniquely identify the UE and establish secure communication between the UE and the network. No 5GS mobility management function shall be performed in this state. What is H-ARQ ? ACK/NACK Timing in Slot Configuration. It implies that CORESET 0 should be configured by some predefined process and predefined parameters. 5GMM-DEREGISTERED: In this state, the UE is not registered to any 5G In 5G NR, PUCCH are placed in almost anywhere in a slot and usually takes up only a few symbols of a slot. Then the problem (confusing part) is how to specify the location of each resource blocks using differentsubcarrier This site is for everything on 5G/NR. PDU Session in 5G/New Radio (NR) refers to a communication session established between a user's device (referred to as UE or User Equipment) and the 5G network's data network (DN). If you are already familiar with LTE protocol stack or general concept of radio protocol stack, you would not need to spend too much time in reading this page. Agreed Items Agreements . It is likely to be assumed that NR cell work in SA(Standalone) mode in this scenario. 6G KPI (Update, Sep 6 2022): 6G Electronics (Update, Sep 6 2022): 6G Channel Characterization (Update, Sep 6 2022): LTE CBRS (Update, Sep 6 2022): 5G Release 17 Highlights (Update, Sep 6 2022): Recommended : 5G/NR SA CORESET0 and SIB1 Decoding 5G/NR - Acronyms There are so many Acronyms in 3GPP (probably in all other technologies) and these acronyms are defined in many different documents. 12 NR SA FR1-FR1 event triggered reporting tests without SSB time index detection in DRX for UE configured with highSpeedMeasInterFreq-r17; The conformance protocol test specification defined by 38. For 5G Handover : Note Not Ready Yet; For 4G Handover : See here, here, here; For 5G/NR Cell Selection Criterion . If UE needs to search SSB based on ARFCN raster, it would take too Following is the signaling procedure of NR SA attach. 501 - 9. PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) As in LTE, NR PDCCH is the physical channel that carries DCI and this would be one of the most important channel which is supposed to be very robust and easily decoded even in harsh radio condition. 1. full-RNTI: A unique identifier for the UE. The table shown below is outlining key parameters of the 5G network's physical layer frame structure for different numerologies (denoted by μ). The main motivation of SUL would be for improving the coverage by easing the UL power restriction in high frequency (refer to SUL page for further details), but the main motivation for SDL [20] Testing Pixel 5 on Verizon's mmWave 5G Network! (Oct 2020) [21] iPhone 12 on Telstra 5G - Web browsing & YouTube (end-user experience) (Nov 2020) [22] ATT 5G MMWAVE speed test 2020 iPhone 12 5G San Antonio (Nov 2020) [23] The case for mmWave in 5G networks (Jan 2021) [24] mmWave 5G TCU (Jan 2021) [25] How to buy the Best 4G/5G Cellular 5G/NR - SUL SUL. Setting appropriate power classes is an important part of configuring both user equipment (UE) and base stations to ensure adequate coverage and quality of service while minimizing interference. To me This site is for everything on 5G/NR. The 5G Evolution:3GPP Releases 16-17 (5G Americas) [2] RP-200494 - UE Power Saving in NR (Work Item Description) [3] TR 38. The ngKSI (NAS Key Set Identifier) is an identifier used in the NAS to manage security contexts. The UE ID can be a temporary identifier (SUCI) or a permanent identifier (SUPI), and it is used in various network procedures, such as registration, authentication The first step in 5G Standalone (SA) call processing is to synchronize the UE (User Equipment) with the gNB (gNodeB). Initial deployments will involve both LTE and 5G radio accesses via NSA and Dual Connectivity (DC). Reference : YouTube [1] In 5G NR (New Radio), the DCI (Downlink Control Information) is a critical component of the Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH). If you are new to overall functionality of RLC, I would suggest you to go through LTE RLC page first. As in LTE, the most important criteria on Power Measurement is around RSRP, RSRQ. However there are some minor differences between RedCap and LTE counter part, some difference by design and some difference due to the Figure 6: The SA Architecture. Accessed 2024-02-12. To accelerate the procedure of beam recovery and ensure the robustness of this message delivery, non-contention based channel based on physical random access channel (PRACH) (instead of contention-based) can be used for carrying beam failure recovery request PCF Policy Control Function ==> Equivalent to PCRF in 5G (R)AN (Radio) Access Network. x. accessType: Indicates whether the paging is for a 3GPP or non-3GPP access type. 2. It is a temporary identifier assigned to a UE by the base station (in the case of 5G, this is the gNodeB) when the UE first successfully establishes a connection to the cellular network. It ensures that SMS services can be delivered efficiently This site is for everything on 5G/NR. A few years ago from now (Jul 2017) when the discussion about 5G was at early phase, the hottest topic was 'what kind of waveform will be used in 5G' and a lot of new idea (new waveform) were proposed (If you want to look into some snapshot on this technical history, take a look at 5G Waveform Candate page). NOTE: It would worth note following comments from this paper(). g, SSB, PDSCH etc) or BWP. UE perform blind decoding throughout these search space trying to find PDCCH data (i. Beam Selection: i 1,1 and i 1,2 are The first step in 5G Standalone (SA) call processing is to synchronize the UE (User Equipment) with the gNB (gNodeB). From RAN #84 meeting, a lot of detailed technical proposals start being documented and 5G - key component of the Networked Society. In any cellular communication system (2G, 3G, 4G, 5G), there are specific procedure called Cell Search. The Precoding Matrix Indicator (PMI) in Type II Codebook is more detailed than in Type I, as it includes information for: . However, NR frequency spectrum already Following is an example of DCI 0_1 transmitted by the gNB. Why OTA has become such a big issue in 5G/NR ? In NR, there are roughly two separated spectrum that are specified in 3GPP specification. When you power on the mobile device, in most case the device is under a circumstance where it sees many base station (gNB) around it. UE resides on the NG-RAN of the 5G system and initiates the establishment of the MO/MT IMS This site is for everything on 5G/NR. I have posted three separate notes with different aspect of this topic. It carries scheduling information, resource allocation details, and other control data necessary for the UE (User Equipment) to communicate with the network. NGAP Packet Structure. 5G/NR - CORESET SIB1 or RRC Setup in SA). In S1 mode, the 5G gNB connect to the 4G EPC core network using the existing S1 interface. , 0 or 1) to multiple ports (e. As you know, NR use various types of subcarrier spacing (Numerology). If You might have similar experience in studying LTE power control specification, but 5G got even worse :) meaning more complicated. The 5G layer-2 include MAC, RLC and PDCP. fmvb fkpgp nvsa orzrze mzy wupdqk pfcqnzqu udtrj ilbnz huhaf wbt uzzigtf toda khzcyf egdpz