Kayastha caste list near france. 15 (due to alphabetic order).

Kayastha caste list near france Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha, also referred to as North-Indian Kayastha, is a subgroup of Hindus of the Kayastha community that are mainly concentrated in the Hindi Belt of North India. Modern scholars list them among Indian communities that were traditionally described as "urban-oriented", "upper caste" and part of the "well-educated" pan-Indian elite, alongside Punjabi Khatris, Kashmiri Pandits, Parsis, Nagar Brahmins of Gujarat, Bengali Bhadraloks, Chitpawans and Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus (CKPs) of Maharashtra, South Oct 7, 2023 · If you’ve ever wondered about the origins and caste affiliation of the Kayastha community, you’ve come to the right place! In this subsection, we’ll explore the caste to which Kayasthas belong and shed light on their fascinating history. Nov 13, 2015 · How does the Pooja take place? The pooja firstly starts with the Chitragupta legend which is:. 48 famous kayastha personality in one frame 1- NEEL NITIN MUKESH- ACTOR 2- AADESH SHRIVASTAVA - MUSIC DIRECTOR 3- AMITABH BACHHAN - ACTOR 4- ADITYA SHRIVASTAVA - ACTOR (CID SONY, GULAAL) 5- ANUJ Nov 28, 2023 · Kayastha Caste: Origin, Sub-Castes And Marriage Rituals. D. 12/03/2007 This article explores how colonial law in India interacted with the construction of caste rank (varna) between 1860 and 1930. The Hindu varna system identifies the Kayastha caste as a major caste that exists throughout India. This paper tracks the various contestations over north Indian Kayasthas’ twice-born (dvija) status between 1870 and 1930. Aug 22, 2017 · All the Brahmins offer him oblations of rice before taking their meals. The historical caste occupation of Kayasthas throughout India has been that of scribes, administrators, ministers and record-keepers; [1] the Kayasthas in Bengal, along with Brahmins and Baidyas, are regarded among the three Sep 5, 2024 · Telangana Caste List. Acharya > Bahun > Kaudinya (Purbiya) 2. Just as how our patron deity Shri Chittraguptajee kept record of the deeds, good and evil of the mankind and administered justice; our history reveals that we, members of the Kayastha family have continued to keep up the same tradition of creating a balance Mar 11, 2012 · That is why they had built Hastinapur, Ahichha and Sravasti. C. 15 (due to alphabetic order). Methodologically, this article approaches law and caste by threading together multiple legal suits that involved Kayasthas and inheritance dispute that referenced “twice-born” as a category upon which cases would be adjudi-cated. The title Śrīvāstava is the shortened form of Śrīvāstavya [19] [20] and thus derived directly from the Sanskrit root words Sri (श्री) "God" and vas (वस्) "to dwell" by adding the primary suffix tavyat which denotes an agent and causes the lengthening of the radical vowel. The Telangana government has prepared a list of various castes living in the state, known as Telangana Caste List. [13] The Anthropological Survey of India conducted a survey during the British Raj which concluded that the Kayastha community were also influential during the Mauryan period as administrators. Newar caste system is the system by which Newārs, the historical inhabitants of Kathmandu Valley, are divided into groups on the basis of Vedic varna model and divided according to their hereditary occupations. Register free to find serious like-minded Hindu Kayastha Brides in Dehradun looking for Matrimony. Apr 21, 2022 · Originating in disputes over property inheritance, Kayasthas’ largely ambiguous caste status became a subject of contestation in colonial ethnography, popular scholarship and caste reform movements. " It is a Hindu caste surname found primarily in India and Nepal. Creative Media Partners. Basu argued that "Adisur" was actually King Bhaskaravarman of Kamarupa (Assam) who had conquered Rarh or southern Bengal— "Adi" meaning the "original" or Some Brahmins who had married outside their Varna ended up being relegated to the Kayastha caste, other bureaucrats who ended up being literate and took up official posts in Mughal and British offices were assigned the same caste; in this era of high mobility, certain backward castes also claimed the Kayastha heritage and joined in. Sep 12, 2024 · Explore the significance of the Kayastha caste in Hindu social hierarchy and their role as record keepers and administrators. Andhra Pradesh: Telugu Kayasha, Naidu (Note: In Hyderabad, Kayasthas are in abundance and they are Mathurs, Srivastava, Nigams, Saxenas, etc as in North India. The document lists 46 different general castes in India, including Brahmins, Thakurs, Vaishyas, Muslims, Christians, Rajputs, Kayasthas, Jats, Banias, Reddys, Kammas, Kapus, Nairs, Naidus, and Lingayats. [THREAD] ~On the origins of the #Kayastha caste strictly based on eigraphical records~ Kayasthas and Karanikas, the latter being synonymous to or a subset of the former, feature abundantly in epigraphical records invariably as affluent people with high social status- a stark contrast to their negative characterisation in Brahminical literature. For this reason, and because of their relatively high caste status, the Kayastha are well-respected throughout South Asia. The general Indian society is becoming progressive. This caste has produced many great personalities in all walks of life. Kayasthas traditionally held administrative and clerical positions in the Mughal and British colonial eighteenth century, Kayastha households gained a competitive advantage within a stratum of subordinate officialdom responsible for executing the everyday processes of bureaucratic writing, and the Chitnis family in particular held a near-monopoly on several specific secretarial offices. Chitrasenis, (classified as such in Chitrarekha Gupta’s book, The Kayasthas - pp 77, see References), do not associate themselves with a specific deity or any narrative centred around an individual. Feb 1, 2011 · The Kayastha Brahmins are mentioned at sl. The caste system is gradually being abolished. Get ideas for baby names or discover your name's meaning. Understand the sub-castes of Kayasthas and their unique cultural practices. com of all Brahmin communities in India. But often they does not mind to fix Mar 9, 2023 · This article explores how colonial law in India interacted with the construction of caste rank (varna) between 1860 and 1930. Jainism is the richest major religion in India. They have a longstanding tradition of having a better education than most other communities in South Asia. Ah, the Kayastha caste, a source of mystery and confusion Ambashtha or Ambastha is a caste or sub-caste or a community of Hindus in India. North India :( UP, Delhi) Oct 3, 2015 · Kayasthas is a community or caste has always been a topic of debate, but as per historical records they were traditionally scribes or writers. He is called Kayastha because of his origin from. baranwal: 6. These people offer education from the very beginning, so they are considered a literate and educated community. Achievements . Originating in disputes over property inheritance, Kayasthas’ largely ambiguous caste status became a subject of contestation in colonial ethnography, popular scholarship and caste reform movements. Kayastha marriage rituals blend traditional customs with Gotra wise Kuldevi List of Kayastha Samaj : कायस्थ जाति का वर्णन चातुर्वर्ण व्यवस्था में नहीं आता है। इस कारण विभिन्न उच्च न्यायालयों ने इनको विभिन्न वर्णों में बताया है The surname Kayastha is derived from the Sanskrit word "kayastha," which means "scribe" or "secretary. Kayastha Brahmins are mentioned in the alphabetic order. Surname > Caste/Community/Ethnicity > Clan/Sub-caste/Gotra 1. They are mainly spread across North India and are a sub-sect of Brahmins whose ancient profession was writing. Primarily associated with administrative and record-keeping roles, Kayasthas have historically served in royal courts. Moreover, as the second section This list is provided for free by the courtesy of Matchfinder Matrimony Castes and Subcastes List in India: State Id State Name Castecode Caste Subcaste 1 KERALA 1001 ACHARI KONGU VELLALA 1 KERALA 1002 ACHARI VISHWAKARMA 1 KERALA 1003 ACHARI 1 KERALA 1004 ADI DRAVIDA PARAYA 1 KERALA 1005 AENTELUR ROMAN CATHOLIC Dec 4, 2023 · 2. You will also find mention about them as the village account keepers. Apr 21, 2022 · ABSTRACT. Jan 16, 2018 · Kulin Kayastha andMaulika Kayastha are the two sub castes of Kayastha caste. According to Hindu scriptures, the term Ambastha refers to the offspring of a Brahmin father and a Vaishya mother, whose traditional occupation was the practice of medicine. Two major groups may have this name: those from the 'milkman' caste and those from the Kshatriya (often subgroup Kayastha) caste. Apart from Kayasthas, demands of many other castes including Mahapatras among the Brahmins,Bagwan, Goriya, Pawariya/Pamariya, Lavada, Rouhela and Muslim Bhant, is pending before the commission. Modern scholars list them among Indian communities that were traditionally described as "urban-oriented", "upper caste" and part of the "well-educated" pan-Indian elite, alongside Punjabi Khatris, Kashmiri Pandits, Parsis, Nagar Brahmins of Gujarat, Bengali Bhadraloks, Chitpawans and Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus (CKPs) of Maharashtra, South Oct 7, 2023 · If you’ve ever wondered about the origins and caste affiliation of the Kayastha community, you’ve come to the right place! In this subsection, we’ll explore the caste to which Kayasthas belong and shed light on their fascinating history. They are at 77th position in the list of 79 castes with OBC status in Uttar Pradesh. However, it is a homogeneous caste, with a wide range of sub-castes and gotras. The practice of not allowing marriage between families of same Gotra is therefore observed out of reverence to the Four of the five kulin Kayastha lineages of Rarh Bengal—Bose, Ghosh, Datta and Guha—were covered by these samples, as well as the moulik Kayastha lineages Dey, Pal, Nandi, and Indra, who were believed to have resided in Bengal before the arrival of the kulins from Kannauj. The Brahmins : A List of Brahmin Communities is an extensive list prepared by Kamat. The Elusive Caste: Unveiling the Mystery. e. After analyzing the above views it is concluded that major density of this sub caste of Kayastha is in the Uttar Pradesh near Gonda district was the ancient Sravasti and this important subcast of kayastha was named on the basis of this. However, over the period, many new names have evolved. Goa Caste List PDF 2024 OBC ST & SC All Caste List in Goa; Himachal Pradesh Caste List 2024 GEN OBC SC & ST; Nagaland Caste List 2024 PDF Download – NT ST & OBC; Rajasthan Caste List 2024 PDF Download OBC, SC, ST & GEN @ SJE Rajasthan The Chandraseni Kayastha community sources the mythology of the Chandrasena ruler and Parahuram's avenge story for ancestral as its origin story. They were highly educated and held influential positions in society. It specifically tracks contestations over Kayasthas' legal varna rank Jul 17, 2022 · According to mythology, Lord Brahma produced Brahmin from his mouth, Kshatriya from his arms, Vaish from his abdomen Shudra from his thighs. Rai-Sikh (Mahatam) 12011/14/2004-BCC dt. The Sanskrit dictionary at Hindunet. org defines Kayastha as follows: Koch-Rajbongshi {The entry after restoration of caste/ community ‘Koch-Rajbonshi’ w. The Kayastha are a well-known and widely-distributed community of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Tripura, Assam, Delhi and Chandigarh. Kayasthas were traditionally scribes. The Ghosh surname is an Indian caste name, prevalent in West Bengal, India and among Hindus in Bangladesh (formerly East Bengal). no. Jan 8, 2024 · The Kayastha caste, believed to have originated in Northern India, holds a unique position in Hindu society. Global Kayastha Conference - GKC is a social organization with a mission to connect Mar 22, 2013 · Kayastha Surnames The Kayastha Community in India is spread thin into various states. Aug 12, 2021 · Sources suggest that Uttar Pradesh state government is planning to include 39 more caste in State's OBC list in which there are 79 castes at present. Many descendants of his bearing different Gotras still exist on this earth. State/UT wise Number of Entries in the Central List of OBC by AllCasteList. Nesfield, in his brief review of the caste system in the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, page 132, (1885), says "There is no reason to doubt that this caste is chiefly an offshoot from Kshatriyas Kayasthas have from time immemorial been allowed to wear the sacred cord and many of them wear it still. Spirituality Swami Vivekananda Sri Aurobindo Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Paramhansa Yogananda Prabhupada This is a list of noteworthy Karan are one of the 13 clans of the Kayastha caste. Muslim Kayasthas have been in the OBC list since 1955. Traditionally the Kayastha were considered a "writing caste", who served the ruling powers as administrators, ministers and record-keepers. According to legend, Brahma, the supreme god, needed someone to record the deeds of all people and castes. It specifically tracks contestations over Kayasthas’ legal varna rank in northern and eastern India through various inheritance disputes, threading them together to shed light on how courts sought to anchor their interpretations of Hindu law around the Indian Oct 7, 2023 · If you’ve ever wondered about the origins and caste affiliation of the Kayastha community, you’ve come to the right place! In this subsection, we’ll explore the caste to which Kayasthas belong and shed light on their fascinating history. Feb 1, 2011 · Kayastha or Kayasth (Hindi: कायस्थ) is a caste of India. We are a large family, descendants of Adi Purush Shri Chittraguptajee. Brahmans, Kshatriya and Vaishya who are authorized to perform the "UPNAYANA" ceremony obligatory upon the aforesaid "DWIJA" twice born classes. 27 Here, he clearly had Sherring’s 1872 Benares taxonomy in mind. This page was last edited on 3 November 2024, at 10:55 (UTC). org defines Kayastha as follows: Kayastha Last Name Statistics demography. Jat: Caste List (SC Category) Bihar Caste List:- 22 different types of castes have been included in the Bihar Scheduled कायस्थ भारत में रहने वाले हिन्दू समुदाय की एक जातियों का वांशिक कुल है। पुराणों के अनुसार कायस्थ प्रशासनिक कार्यों का निर्वहन करते हैं। कायस्थ को The Kayastha Caste of India: Antiquity, Tradition and Modernity. Sircar Delhi divira divirapati donated dynasty engraved Epigraphia Find the meaning of name KAYASTHA (कायस्थ) in Nepali & English. Today, the Feb 2, 2023 · Kayastha Caste History In Hindi | Kayastha | Kayast Samaj | Kayastha King In India | कायस्थ #castehistory #caste #casteinindia #asar #kayastha #kayasth #काय Apr 8, 2024 · Sidhi is the richest caste in India according to most of the surveys. Gour Kayastha or original Bengal Kayastha: Nandi, Pal, Indra, Kar, Bhadra, Dhar, Aich, Sur, Dam, Bardhan, Shil, Chaki, Adhya, and so on. To find your choice, press Control+F and type the surname to see which caste/community/ethnic group and sub-caste/clan it falls under. The Kayastha Ethnology, an Enquiry Into the Origin of the Chitraguptavansi and Chandrasenavansi Kayasthas. Nov 11, 2022 · Kayastha - Caste System In Hindustan || Kayastha Caste || कायस्थ जाति || कायस्थ समाज के बारे में पूर्ण जानकारी# Chandra Seniya Kayastha Prabhu(CKP) surnames used are – Thackeray, Pathare, Pathekar, Karkhanis, Pharnis, Polanis, Vanis, Hazirnarsis, Mokasi, Chitnavis, Kotnis 80. Due to Oct 28, 2017 · Gotra wise Kuldevi List of Kayastha Samaj : कायस्थ जाति का वर्णन चातुर्वर्ण व्यवस्था में नहीं आता है। इस कारण विभिन्न उच्च न्यायालयों ने इनको विभिन्न वर्णों में बताया है ABSTRACT This paper tracks the various contestations over north Indian Kayasthas’ twice-born (dvija) status between 1870 and 1930. From this it will be seen that Kayastha Brahmins of Karhada and Khandesha are the Brahma Kayasthas. ; Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4. Others denote traditional occupations like Kayastha, Vaishya, Bania. However, it is a heterogeneous caste, with a wide range of sub-castes and gotras. 152 Contemporary histories authored by Kayastha scholars and caste associations, such as the Kāyastha Prabhūñcī Bakhar (1881–82 Tamil Canara, Kayastha, Naydu, Pilley, Menon. पटना, बिहार: Indo books. आई॰ऍस॰बी॰ऍन॰ 9789350741139. 03. Check All Odisha Caste List & Download PDF File His stated goal was to ‘show clearly the origins of the Kayastha caste, and to remove the obscurity which surrounds it’ and offer a ‘correct notion of the origin of the Kayasthas, and that it will serve as a refutation of all the hostile writings against this tribe’. Origin and more: We believe Kayastha is not a caste but a culture. Telangana Caste List is a list of all castes and communities or groups that have been classified by the state government as Scheduled Tribes (ST), Scheduled Castes (SC), Other Backward Classes (OBC) or Economically Weaker Sections (EWS). Brahmin and Kshatriya. Basically they are Dalabhya Gaud Brahmin. The Karnataka government has prepared a list of various castes living in the state, known as Karnataka Caste List. Find your perfect Dehradun Hindu Kayastha Brides, Girls for Matrimony on BharatMatrimony - the Most Trusted Brand. May 13, 2009 · List of South Indian Kayastha Surname (Native to Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh only) Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha, also referred to as North-Indian Kayastha, is a subgroup of Hindus of the Kayastha community that are mainly concentrated in the Hindi Belt of North India. ; LLC, Books (2018). Chitragupta married two wives, Nandani and Shobhavati and had twelve divine sons ; four from the former and eight from the latter. Sub-castes like Srivastava, Mathur, and Saxena emerged based on regional and occupational distinctions. The list provides an the colonial state—law—categorized and assigned Kayastha caste rank. org defines Kayastha as follows: Modern scholars list them among Indian communities that were traditionally described as "urban-oriented", "upper caste" and part of the "well-educated" pan-Indian elite, alongside Punjabi Khatris, Kashmiri Pandits, Parsis, Nagar Brahmins of Gujarat, Bengali Bhadraloks, Chitpawans and Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus (CKPs) of Maharashtra, South Oct 7, 2023 · If you’ve ever wondered about the origins and caste affiliation of the Kayastha community, you’ve come to the right place! In this subsection, we’ll explore the caste to which Kayasthas belong and shed light on their fascinating history. These people offer education from the very beginning, so they are considered a literacy and educated community. In Hindu texts and traditions, they are described to have descended from the Hindu god Chitragupta [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] who is usually depicted carrying "a flowing May 12, 2010 · The Kayastha who are represented by the "Kayath" or the hereditary caste of the scribes of the present day, formed originally a sub-military class. Karnataka Caste List is a list of all castes and communities or groups that have been classified by the state government as Scheduled Tribes (ST), Scheduled Castes (SC), Other Backward Classes (OBC) or Economically Weaker Sections (EWS). Mar 6, 2023 · कायस्थ जाति के गोत्र (Gotras of Kayastha caste) के बारे में जानने से पहले इस समुदाय के उद्भव, वर्ण स्थिति, सामाजिक संरचना और उप-विभाजनों के बारे में Sep 7, 2024 · Karnataka Caste List PDF Karnataka Caste List. Kayastha caste is considered to be well-educated and intellectual and is mainly employed. Kayasthas are mainly found in the north, central and eastern states of India including Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Chandigarh, Delhi, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan Jul 24, 2014 · This is a list of noteworthy people of the Kayastha caste of India. They are all Urdu speaking) Maharashtra: Chandra Seniya Kayastha Prabhu(CKP) surnames used are – Adhikari, Ambegaonkar Bendre, Bhise Origins of the Kayastha (legendary and historical), as well as their position within the Hindu caste system, are highly disputed topics. They don't fit in with any of the four main caste categories. Oct 4, 2024 · In Bengali society, the term "ROY" is commonly associated with the Kayastha caste. Extracts from the works of European Historians with reference to the origin of the Kayastha tribe-"Law and Custom of Hindoo Castes Bombay" by Arthur Steele(1826)-Page-89. Kayastha earn significantly more than the average income. Many of the castes are religious or ethnic groups like Muslims, Christians, and Punjabi communities. 31 The genotype data were anonymised (KB for Kayastha from Bengal Global Kayastha Conference- GKC. Originating in disputes over property inheritance, Kayasthas’ … Sep 11, 2015 · Karna Brahma Kayastha originally are from the south of Vindhya range near the banks of river Narmada an area known as Karnali. 04. 0 License; additional terms may apply. Chandella charter Chitragupta clerks copper plate inscription copper-plate inscription court D. Chitragupta came into being after Brahma, the creator, having established the four varnas — Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Shudra — ordained Dharamraj (also called Yamraj, the god of death) to keep record of the deeds — good and evil — of all life-forms born and yet to be born on earth, in He suggested that ‘the political effects of these social disputes were strange and frightening’, citing Kayastha interventions in dynastic succession and encouragement of rulers’ antagonism towards Brahmans. Kshatriyas were traditionally landowners and rulers. Aug 31, 2024 · Kayastha: 5. … Jul 8, 2011 · This caste is purely Kshatriya and is therefore on of the three regenerate classes viz. f. Regions like Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal boast significant Kayastha populations. Some of them may be remembered – Kashmir was ruled by the rare Bardhan Kayastha dynasty. the body of Brahma. They are said (in the Vedas and Puranas) to have a dual-caste status i. 1 CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF UTTRAKHAND Entry No Caste/ Community Resolution No. Here is the most comprehensive list of Nepali surnames and titles of various ethnic groups of Nepal. Bengali Kayastha is a Bengali Hindu caste that originated from the Bengal region of Indian subcontinent, and is one of the main subgroups of the Kayastha community. Still, the values of communities hold a lot of importance for some people. Bengali Kayastha brides andgrooms hold Surnames Bose, Basu, Biswas, Chandra, Chanda, Dutta, Datta, Guha, Mitra. & Date 1. 1997 (expect for the period when ordinance regarding inclusion of the caste/community ‘Koch-Rajbonshi’ in the ST list was in force)} Modern scholars list them among Indian communities that were traditionally described as "urban-oriented", "upper caste" and part of the "well-educated" pan-Indian elite, alongside Punjabi Khatris, Kashmiri Pandits, Parsis, Nagar Brahmins of Gujarat, Bengali Bhadraloks, Chitpawans and Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhus (CKPs) of Maharashtra, South Mar 25, 2023 · Chandraseni Prabhu Kayasthas are found in Maharashtra and near it. 2,862 likes · 2 talking about this. 23% being registered to vote for the political party. Gulzarilal Nanda (Acting PM) Caste: Kayastha; Background: Gulzarilal Nanda served as the Acting Prime Minister of India on two occasions, first after the demise of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964 and then again after the sudden passing of Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966. This is an ancient caste of scribes who served the state through record keeping regarding taxation and other matters. org defines ‘Kayastha’ as follows: Currently, 1200+ Castes living in Odisha which is divided into 5 Cast Categories GEN, OBC, ST, SC & SEBC. We attempt, here, to provide an exhaustive list of surnames etc. [1] The Sanskrit dictionary at Hindunet. There are numerous clans, subcastes, and sects within the Kayastha community. Prasad, K. Thakur: 7. Apr 1, 2024 · The Hindu varna system recognizes the Kayastha caste as a major caste that exists throughout India. Nov 15, 2024 · The Kayastha community has a widespread presence across the Indian subcontinent, predominantly residing in northern, central, and eastern parts of India. The easiest identification is the last (surname) name. Communities with entrepreneurial spirit are the wealthiest. Traditionally the Kayastha were scribes, administrators and record-keepers. Historically, Kayasthas were traditionally employed as record-keepers, administrators, and scribes in the royal courts and government offices. com S L S tate/ UT Cl i ck o n Bel o w Nu mb er to S h o w th e L i st 1 A ndhra P radesh 104 2 A runachal P radesh* 0 3 A ssam 28 4 B i har 132 5 Chhat i sgarh 67 6 G oa 17 7 G uj arat 105 8 Haryana 73 9 Hi machal P radesh 52 10 J & K 23 11 Jharkhand 134 6th century administration Ajaygarh Ambashṭhas ancient Aśoka associated became belonged Bengal bhogikas Bihar Brahmana Brāhmaṇas Brāhmaṇical Brahmi Calcutta century A. In The United States those bearing the Kayastha last name are 16% more likely to be registered Democrats than the national average, with 69. Then he produced a lotus- flower seated Chittragupt from his navel and thus Kayastha came into existence, but sadly, people hardly know about them. Aug 12, 2021 · BJP MLA files plea to include Kayasthas in OBC list . In the time of arranging marriage Bengali Kayastha family always prefer to find match within their own Kayastha community. mbhitco uivl gwbvs ffru xassctw oggzvif shznvywd spfztjc ksqn ralh